Unit+8

=﻿Unit 8:=

John F. Kennedy:

 * youngest inaugurated president
 * he believed in the youth of America (that was his campain)
 * President number 35, and was democrat
 * He was president for only 3 years
 * He was known for his affairs (may have been cheated for it)
 * CIA secretly trained Cubans to take out Fidel Castro (it was a disaster)
 * created the peace core and planned a war against poverty
 * sent the first man to the moon, and it was marked as a bold expenditure
 * the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban missile crisis were some of the most important in his presidency.
 * Kennedy revealed that the United States was this close to going to into a thermo-nuclear war
 * The United States didn't go to war with Cuba because of Kennedy "keeping his cool"
 * Kennedy and the Civil Rights Movement
 * saw peaceful protestors getting their skin torn off by waterhoses
 * he supported MLKs ideology
 * He desired that people should give something of themselves to the United States to show their support of the US
 * He was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Texas.

Lyndon B. Johnson:

 * He was the Vice President of Kennedy and was sworn into office on Air Force One.
 * President from 1963-1969, and was democrat
 * He finished Kennedy's term and was elected for a full term.
 * He had an ego problem, and used his height to give people the Johnson treatment.
 * Lyndon Johnson did more for African Americans than anyone earlier
 * He had an explosion of new laws
 * He wanted to do more for African Americans and that was the core of his campaign. He had major commitment to helping African Americans and to better America.
 * The Vietnam War was a different matter. Vietnam was standing up to the military power of the United States. There was anti-war sentiment in the US.
 * He wanted nothing to do with war. Vietnam was seen as a failure.

Map Analysis-- (pg. 833):

 * The United States played a major role in the development of the Latin American country.
 * They provided many things, from economic aid to military assistance. [[image:http://sillysoft.net/plugins/images/Vietnam%20War.jpg width="375" height="375" align="right"]]
 * countries that needed this sort of aid were: El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua
 * it showed that US was ready to intervene in these nations, especially during the cold war.
 * The United States wanted to make sure that countries near them were //**"contained**//" from communism.
 * there were also increasingly many invasions and interventions by the US as time goes on
 * the US invaded in Grenada, Cuba, and even the Dominican Republic

(pg. 839)

 * The Vietnam war was a scattered war, in Thailand and also in Vietnam.
 * There some formal combat routes including the Ho Chi Minh Trail which started off in Vinh and Dong Hoi, Norht Vietnam to cities like Chulai and Kontum in South Vietnam.
 * In 1970, the United States entered Viet Cong strongholds in Cambodia.

The Vietnam War timeline:

 * 1) **February 1950** - The United States formally recognized the Bao Dai Regime and agreed to provide it with direct military and economic aid. (It was to support France during the war.) **American Interventionalism**
 * 2) **April - May 1954 -** The Vietminh forces engaged the French in a major battle in the Northwest corner of the Country (Dien Bien Phu). France was surrounded and was humiliated in a horrible siege. The French Deteriorated. Eisenhower decided to stop supporting them.
 * 3) **By 1954 -** The United States was paying 80% of France's war cost.
 * 4) **July 1954 - The Geneva Conference:** Vietnam gained its independance and would be partitioned at the 17th parallel (North Vietnam controlled by the Vietminh and South Vietnam would be controlled by pro-western forces and Ngo Dinh Diem), until 1956 where an election would be held, and a new leader would arise to reunite Vietnam.
 * 5) **1956** - Elections were suppressed by Ngo Dinh Diem's refusal to permit the elections. The United States was pouring money into the nation and military aid at the time.
 * 6) **1959 -** The **NLF (Viet Cong)** was created in Southern Vietnam that allied with the pro-communist North and was committed to overthrowing Diem and reuniting the Nation.
 * 7) **1960 -** Hanoi orders for the people in the National Liberation Front to begin military operations in the South. Hanoi gives the NLF material and manpower support from North Vietnam.
 * 8) **1961 - NLF** forces were extremely successful in destabilizing the Diem Regime. They had over 4,00 government official killings.
 * 9) **Fall of 1963 -** Kennedy approved to let South Vietnamese generals to plot against Diem. They had a overall idea of "toppling" Diem.
 * 10) **November 1963** - Diem and his advisor, Ngo Dinh Nhu were assassinated and new governments were established. These new governments were made over three years, they became even less stable then the one that they had overthrown. A few weeks later, John F. Kennedy was assassinated.

=Historian Viewpoints on the Vietnam War:=
 * The Vietnam War was a major battle between pro-communist and anti-communist political groups in the nation of Vietnam. Vietnam was an important battle for the United States because the US had already pumped massive amounts of funding into the pro-western regime in Vietnam to support France's interventionalism. When France lost power, the United States had to take over or else suffer all of their investments to the losing side in Vietnam. The United States didn't want to waste its commitment, and had to intervene in order to protect its policy of Containment, the geographical values, and to create more pro-western governments.
 * The United States wasn't successful, but it at least it tried to defend what it already started.
 * **Paul's Opinion: They tried to contain communism, but ultimately failed in the end.**
 * **O'Shane Opinion - They tried to contain communism, but they weren't really suc[[image:http://acesvietnamwar.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/1/1/6711053/5192604.png?470 align="right"]]cessful.**
 * **Devon: The Vietnam was important because it was an extremely unpopular domestically in the United States.**
 * **It was basically a fight to see who is the "toughest one in the block." Lyndon Johnson believed in basically destroying them by bombing them, and that it would be an easy war. In the end, they weren't ever likely to win, and they didn't win.**
 * **The Vietnam War was basically a continuation of the doctrine of Containment.**
 * **The US policy of containment was all about the Domino Effect, and also it's what about the United States can get out of it.**
 * **America's ego was their tragic flaw in the war.**

=﻿Why Vietnam? A Government video:=
 * It is a 1965 government video to explain why Vietnam.
 * They explained how there were many attacks on other nations to expand comunism, and colonizing the people of other nations. Nothing was done for these people. Hitler and Austria. Mussolini and Ethiopia.
 * "An aggression unchallenged, is an aggression unreached." (If you don't stop it, it just keeps going. It is important to stop these worlds.)
 * Containment was important in other nations to increase pro-western governments, and helping "better the world."
 * The Geneva Conference made the people of Vietnam fled south after North Vietnam became Communist. 1 million people fled to the South in hopes of keeping their democracy.
 * The United States is "commited to helping free people in their sovereignty."
 * Ho Chi Minh acted as a kind fatherly figure.
 * The people of the South were working hard to bettering their lives, and working hard to live a peaceful life in the South. They had democratic elections made. and it was pretty eq
 * ual. (Propaganda)
 * The North made aggressive attacks on the South. A guerilla war was starting, with the Viet Cong attacking, it was a major war fo "liberation."
 * "A grain of rice is worth a drop of blood."
 * South Vietnam had many important resources including syntax factories.

The New Left:

 * A radicalization of many young Americans in Colleges and Universities formed a group called the New Left.
 * **The New Left:** It was a large youth movement that was energized and ready to challenge the political system. This Left embraced the cause of African Americans and other minorities, which consisted overwhelmingly of young people.
 * They had Critical views of society and politics[[image:http://unccsas.webfactional.com/site_images/news-images/LCRM_logo.png align="right"]]
 * It drew considerable support and guidance of individuals from the "Old Left"
 * They also dew info from many social critics of the time including C. Wright Mills
 * Many people drew from the idea of Karl Marx even though they weren't communist
 * The biggest inspiration of the New Left movement was from the Civil Rights Movement (it was shocking for white students to hear of the social injustices that were happening in the South.) Many of them took info from these movements and went on to use them to attack the issues in Soiciety.
 * They attacked the repressive culture that they were in, and wanted to go in the right direction.

CounterCulture:

 * A new culture was created by the youth of America that was against the ideology of and the values of the middle-class society
 * to scorn their contempt of the traditional standards of youth, young Americans began their movement as hippies, with long hair, and doing things and changing the shape to create a new culture for youth.
 * drugs became common among the youth.

Feminism:

 * The belief that men and women are equal.
 * People have beliefs in society that women are equal economically, politically, and socially.
 * These beliefs are protected by large collections of movements, unions, and most importantly women. Women in the 1960s began to identify with minorities, and claim equal opportunities and sets of rights.
 * No sexual discrimination

Women's Liberation: [[image:http://www.jofreeman.com/images/feminist.gif width="207" height="199" align="right"]]

 * In the late 1960s and the early 1970s, young, educated, women began making more radical demands, and also notions.
 * freedom to do whatever they want
 * not looked down upon if they chose to become workers
 * free will
 * choice
 * independance
 * they have opportunities to puruse their own dreams
 * they wanted the opportunity to work in politics
 * they wanted equal pay for equal amounts of work
 * women wanted the freedom to get a divorce and support themselves afterwards.

Roe vs Wade:

 * It was a controversial decision on the issue of abortion for women.
 * women wanted to win control over their sexual and reproductive lives
 * abortion was deemed illegal in the 20th century up to the 1960s
 * "right to privacy" constitutional theory that made it allowed to have abortion

Domestic Affairs:

 * Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton were the five presidents of the era
 * Gerald Ford: He pardoned president Nixon and spared him for all the problems that he had
 * the New Right: It was basically a conservative coalition
 * **Raigonomics:** It was also called the Supply-side economics in which he proposed the idea that too much taxation didn't give enough capital, and it was too much supply out there. He decided to cut taxes. The tax cut would reduce gov't revenues, and reduce gov't expenses. It would reduce the federal budget. **"Trickle Down" economics: If you help the rich, then the rich helps everybody.**
 * **Deregulation:** It was an idea that the United States should decrease government intervention and control in the economy. He wanted more lasseiz-faire capitalism. The goal was for the wealthy to expand its workers and businesses and everybody benefits.
 * Evangelical Revivalism:
 * Proposition 13: People started attacking taxes

Foreign Affairs:

 * **US aid in Afghanistan: The United States**
 * **US and the Soviet Union:** The Soviet Union had economic problems and was starting to lose power
 * **US and the Gulf War:**
 * **US and Lebanon**
 * **US and Iran**: The **Iranian Revolution** was when Iranian people started to revolt against the Shah. The Shah wanted to create a western culture, but the people were against it. The Shah escaped and went to New York for Cancer. The Irani people went to the Tehran American Embassy, to keep Americans hostage demanding them to return the Shah back to the Afghanistan to deal with him.
 * **Camp David Accords**: The Camp David Accords was when the President Carter brought both the Egyptian President and the Israel Prime Minister to the Camp David Summit Conference: This conference is where they signed a formal peace treaty.
 * it gave Egypt back Sinai
 * agreed not to solve future differences by force
 * **Tiananmen Square:** In May 1989, students in China wanted more democratization. Hard Leaders took control of the gov't and massacred people to release the uprising. The democracy movement was crushed and communism was back on.