Unit+3

This picture shows the size of an Alabama plantation if it appeared in Malden, MA. Malden is about 5 square miles. Plantation as big as this picture would take up more than 1/5 of Malden. Plantations this big generally had many slaves working in them. Most of these were put in groups with "overseers" driving them to work until told to stop. Plantations this big started with the demand of cotton. As the demand for cotton grew so did the supply for cotton. Plantations this large generally had at least 40 slaves working the terrain. Generally more. Not only that, but there were tons of them all over the south. They formed a "belt" or "chain" of plantations of various sizes most of them if not all of them were generally that size. Plantations were usually the size of small cities and big towns. They had their own community in it as well. They had small schools, mini chapels, and homes. All of this can be located in large plantations with couple of white families.
 * Unit 3 Work:**

Planter Aristocracy:
media type="custom" key="7485829" width="156" height="156" align="left"


 * Social Hierarchy for South*


 * Chapter 11 Questions:**

Temperance Movement:
This movement affected the alcohol intake at the time dramatically. It was a movement that talked about the dangers of alcohol, the effect that it brought on women, the influence that it put on society about the dangers of alcohol. The temperance movement had emphasized two techniques, prohibition, and temperance.
 * __Prohibition:__** The removal of, hindering, or vindication of alcohol (in this case). There is an amendment that was later passed that prohibited the sell, and use of alcohol, but even later it was revoked.
 * __Temperance:__** Moderation of a flawed practice. In this case, alcohol. Alcohol is a flawed practice because it has dangers to it. People should stop this practice, or at least self-constraint themselves.



This a picture of the nine steps that one take to reach madness and suicide after reverting into alcoholism. It was a picture that was depicted during the time of the Temperance Movement. It shows how at first drinking can make one person feel good and at the top of the world, and then it leads to overuse, disease, poverty, crime, and then later suicide. It shows how a drunk could have had a family, but then lost it due to his evil practice of alcohol. During the time before the temperance movement, drinking was such a strong habit, that an average person at that time drank three times more than one does today. Alcoholism brought particular problems to the female gender at that time. They were usually the center of abuse to their drunk husbands, and had to deal with their husbands wasteful use of the money he earned. Necessities weren't always available because they were wasted on drinking. This forced the women at the time to act, and act they did. They started the whole Temperance Movement, and it gave them a taste of "power", one small step closer to getting the rights that they deserved.

Chapter 12: Antebellum Culture and Reform:

 * Antebellum meands the time before a war. The culture society, and reform that was taking place before the Civil War is described in this chapter.
 * Growth of national culture, and national aspirations.
 * Literature in the US at the time is growing. More fictional, and other genres besides just non-fiction published.
 * Mormons = religious persecution. Travel to Salt Lake City, and establish new society.
 * Temperance Movement, and the debate on Alcohol.
 * Phrenology = measure skull to determine intelligence.
 * Seneca Falls Convention = for Women rights.
 * Abolitionism
 * SLAVERY DEBATE


 * Chapter 12 Questions:**


 * Reform PowerPoint:**

media type="custom" key="7622685"

__﻿Chapter 13 Maps__

 * Pg. 340 - Expanding Settlement, 1810-1850**
 * In early 1800s, almostl all the white settlers resided around the east coast of the US border.
 * Between the 1810 and the 1830, expansion started westward. These were due to certain factors such as the expansion of cotton, and cotton plantations, and the purchase of Louisiana, which gave the US more western lands. New Orleans was also taken over, and became an important commercial point.
 * Between 1830-1850, the US border was set up through conflict, purchases, and treaties, which set up routes west for people under James K. Polk, and further expanded the US. Cotton belt was growing as well.


 * Pg. 344 - Western Trails in 1860:**
 * This map shows all of the western trade routes that were available during 1860.
 * California Trail (gold rush)
 * mormon trail (religious)
 * Oregon trail (longest)
 * Santa Fe trail


 * Pg. 349 - The Mexican War, 1846-1848**
 * This map shows the American and Mexican victories during the Mexican American war.
 * The land that is disputed is present day Texas as shown in the map.
 * Texas left Mexico through a war and became a seperate republic for 8 years until deciding to enter the union.
 * Once it entered the Union, Mexico threatened war with US and became in conflict with them. A two year war started, and Mexico was humiliated due to the power of the US military and navy.
 * As shown on the map, Mexico one one battle out of many.
 * The war was not only on Texas, but also on the Mexican - American border.


 * Pg. 350 - SouthWestern Expansion, 1845-1853**
 * This map shows what happened after the war. It shows what happened through treaties, purchases, and Mexican cession.
 * The land that the US occupied make up the present day border.
 * It highlights the land that is now present day Texas that the US annexed.
 * It highlights even more land that the US purchased, and what Mexico gave up near the bottom of now present day New Mexico, and California.
 * It also defines the US mexican border, thus defining the US border without Alaska and Hawaii.


 * Theme: Western Expansion:**
 * expansion came from new land
 * from treaties/purchases
 * **Manifest Destiny**
 * Believed that Americans had the fate to all of North America, from east to west. US is all of North America
 * God has ordained that the United States is special.
 * Believed that:
 * Thought that they were better than everyone else because they have a Democracy.
 * Culture
 * more civilized
 * believed cultural practice is more superior
 * best economy
 * best technology
 * best religion
 * Other countries were supposed to look at Americans
 * desires for gold and land
 * immigration
 * James K. Polk president at the time encouraged and supported his westward expansion
 * trying to make money from people traveling west


 * Pg. 354 - Slave and Free Territories under the Compromise of 1850:**
 * Compromise of 1850 - shows all slave states and free states, and the idea of popular sovereignty.
 * Popular Sovereignty: that states get to choose if they are slave states or free states
 * Brings many conflicts
 * fighting
 * political conflicts
 * good idea, but not the best practice.
 * pure democracy - direct democracy
 * doesn't work out in the end with voting fraud or violence
 * Map also shows the slaves to the total population to each slave states.
 * Missiouri Compromise line is wiped out because of the compromise of 1850.


 * Chapter 13:**

=﻿Chapter 14:=

Civil War Causes:
The background causes of the civil war were:
 * 1833; Abolition Movement
 * 1850; Compromise of 1850
 * 1850; Annexation of California
 * 1850; Fugitive Slave Act
 * 1852; Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * 1854; Kansas-Nebraska Act- allowed popular sovereignty which bred violence
 * 1855; Potawatomie Massacre
 * 1857; Dred Scott decision
 * 1859; John Brown's Raid
 * 1860; Secession
 * 1860; Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
 * 1861; The battle at Fort Sumter
 * 1861; More Secession

- The inauguration of Abraham Lincoln because he was a great Republican leader, and supported abolitionism. - They were great manufacturers, and could manufacture all of their weapons. - They had a better transportation system, and bigger railroads. - They had a bigger population to choose from. A bigger pool of people, which would bring bigger variety. - Had more lands of agriculture to produce food. || **Advantages:** - Better military tactics. (West Point Academy = military/general school). -They had a better cause to fight for, and all of their people were committed to this cause. (All of them wanted to fight - The South had home court advantage, and were fighting in familiar territory. (They knew the good places and the bad placfes to fight in.) - Had lots of food. ||
 * __**North**__ || __**South**__ ||
 * **Advantages:**
 * -** Had better military leaders.

Economic Advantages:
Republican got almost total control after secession. They created economic measures to finance for the war:
 * They gave out loans to people. (bonds)
 * major contributing factor and largest source of finance for the people. (bought over $400 milllion dollars worth of bonds)
 * turning point because the US learns from this. (WWI & WWII)
 * They levied taxes
 * from almost all goods, and from income tax
 * Created paper currency or "greenbecks"
 * This was based on the trust factor because there was no gold and silver to back them up. (Inflation)
 * Borrowed money from other nations.
 * Drafting - because people can buy their way out by paying $300. They can also pay someone else to do it. (Age 18-35)
 * National Bank Acts: Allowed banks to enter this national banking system if they had enough capital and were securing more funds with the war. They had to invest 1/3 of their wealth to the government

Civil War:
a) Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent b) Military strategies and foreign diplomacy
 * Southern Strategies
 * us ed the idea of help us to other nation or they won't give them cotton
 * they used their military leaders, planned to get foreign aid and support
 * wanted to defend their land and no invasion
 * Northern Strategies:
 * they used the anaconda plan so as to surround the south
 * planned to stop all imports and exports
 * they planned to invade the capital of the Confederacy (Richmond, Virginia).

c) Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the war d) Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, South, and West
 * The North believed that they were fighting this big war, so why not just emancipate the slaves anyways?
 * Used it to weaken South
 * Many joined the army
 * had low wages but they didn't complain
 * most had unsanitary jobs such as digging trenches, and died from disease
 * some created black regiments like the MA 54th
 * Sparked sanitation reform
 * the idea of germs, and infection = a big problem, and need to be taken care of
 * New technology


 * Chapter 14 Questions:**

Perspectives:
Lincoln believed that the Civil War was a partial success for the United States as a whole because the Union was successful, and that the South never legally left the Union. He never really wanted to go to war, but it was a necessity to preserve the Union. The country wasn't going to split into two, and they were still will be a dominant force when they get back together as one. Slavery was abolished so there will be no debate on slavery anymore. The downside to the war was that the country was in debt, and the south was in complete ruins. Lincoln's view on reconstruction was moderate because he waneted people to forget about the Civil War quickly, and to continue with reconstructing the country. He took a moderate stance as opposed to the radical view of reconstructing when he passed the **10% plan.**
 * Lincoln:**
 * Robert E. Lee:** Confederate general. He didn't really want to secede the Union and was more of a nationalist. He worked with the Confederacy and was their general because he coudn't just "backstab" his homeland in a way. Was glad that the war was over, and didn't really think that it was a loss for the Confederacy.


 * Ulysses S. Grant:** Believed that the war was a major success because he was the reason in a way, that the Union defeated the Confederacy at the end of the War. He was a good general.
 * Andrew Johnson:** The president after Lincoln. He took a moderate stance on Reconstruction just like Lincoln. He wasn't a great leader. He also didn't really like the South.


 * Republican Party:** The Republican party was the major force in Congress during the Civil War. They had almost free reign in legislature. They chose the time during the war to create a nationalistic program. They had railroads built, tariffs, and banks laws passed, etc. They believed that the time during the Civil War was a major success because of all the different things that they accomplished without opposition. Their view on reconstruction was divided into two parties, the Radical Republicans, and the Conservative Republicans.


 * Radical Republicans:** A group of Republicans whose view Reconstruction was very radical, and very elaborate. They proposed the Wade-Davis Plan: This plan told them that to enter the Union again, they would need: a majority of the vote for readmission, removal of Confederate officials, generals, etc., pay off debts, and division of land so they can give some to the now free blacks. They opposed Johnson every which way he went because of his moderate view on Reconstruction. They wanted to stall the readmission of southern states into the Union, until they would be sure that they would be loyal to the Union. Passed ammendments 13, 14 15, and tried to enforce in every state including the South. Basically, the Republcans just wanted to make sure that the Southern states were completely loyal, and make sure


 * Conservative Republicans:** A new party that was formed after the Civil War for people who had a moderate or conservative view on Reconstruction. These people wanted to quickly rebuild the nation, and make it one. They wanted to get the issue of the Civil War, and Reconstruction "out the back door" as quickly as possible. They supported Johnson's views. They wanted to make Slavery as an option for Southern States. The Radical Republicans took over and kicked them out. They really didn't believe in the 13th ammendment and the emanicpation of slavery. They still kind of wanted slavery in a way.

**Compromise of 1877: **Ended the era of Reconstruction. To do so, they removed federal troops from the South. Once this happened, the South retaliated on the African Americans, and changed them back to “slaves.” The African Americans were basically slaves because they kept the African Americans from exercising what they wanted to do most. They couldn’t let them vote, and their opportunities were gone. They were at the bottom of the “food chain.” **It’s not in the constitution for Abraham Lincoln to have the power to abolish slavery, but the South were in rebellion, and they were using slaves to rebel against the Union. He used that sense to abolish slavery in the South. As Commander in chief, and president in the war, he used that the power to do so. He found a loophole. This shows that any president can pass any law that they want to if they found a loophole. **


 * WHD pgs. 372-373:**

**Was the Civil War Worth it?**
The Civil War was worth it in the beginning because as soon as the troops left the south, life returned to almost the same way as it was in the Antebellum period. There was no more slavery, but there are still people living the same way as if they were still slaves. The south was filled with segregation. __African Americans couldn't vote, couldn't get high ranked jobs or do any of the things a free man could actually do without harm or protest__ (as suggested by the __"black codes"__). The South tried to act as if all the events that happened to cause the war, all the events that happened in the Civil War, and all the events that happened during reconstruction didn't exist. Southerners still believed in __White Superiority__. They tried hard to have their life return to the way it was, and didn't like the idea of treating the African Americans like their equals. African Americans were getting __lynched, beaten, and etc__., just for the South to prove their point of not believing in the Reconstruction ammendments, or anything concerning as the equality of African Americans.

The long-term effects is what made the Civil-War worth it. After the emancipation of all slaves, the United States worked hard to reconstruct itself, but it was mostly all to no avail. The South may have improved its land and condition over time, but the Slavery issue wasn't really taken care of until 100 years after the war. If there wasn't a war, then __blacks wouldn't have a chance to rise up to an occasion like this because they wouldn't have the rights to do so, they would be property.__ Also, the slaves would have been in a __different nation still as slaves and impossible for them to be free__. The Civil War was worth it in the end because it kept the Union together, and gave the __African Americans more opportunities__. Without the Civil War then the US wouldn't have all this religious and racial tolerance, and the US wouldn't be the same as it is today. This is because Africans would __still kind of be slaves, and they would still be segregated__.


 * __Pyay's POV:__** He believed that the Civil War wasn't really worth it in terms of African Americans before the Civil Right's Movement because it was what really gave freedom to blacks.


 * __Peter's POV:__** The Civil War wasn't really worth it because both sides lost alot of men, they ruined their own nation, and slavery wasn't really abolished until 100 years after the 13th Ammendment.


 * __Paul's POV:__** The end justifies the means.


 * Chapter 15 Questions:**