Unit+1

=﻿Unit 1 Work:=

Chapter 1: The Meeting of Cultures
Summary:

The first chapter talks about American life before Columbus, and early life after it. The Native American Civilizations were extremely sophisticated in their own ways. Many civilizations had large empires. They had a written language, school systems, agricultural farms, sophisticated mathematical concepts, and even large and very sophisticated economic, and political systems. The population before the arrival of Columbus was around 50-75 million. In 1492, the Spanish arrived through exploration. They were looking for Asia, but they didn't find it. Instead, they found America. They brought with them diseases and brutality. In the 1500's the Spanish started to take over what is today South and Central America. They decimated Native populations and civilizations. They set up colonies and completely destroyed civilizations. They tried to convert Natives to Christianity. Other European Nations followed suit. The British, French, Portuguese, and Dutch all came to claim land and set up colonies. The wealth and raw materials of America was so great that Western Europe became the most powerful place in the world More and more people left to live in American colonies. By 1700, many white Europeans set up life in America. As farming grew, so did the demand for workers. Sugar plantations arose. Colonies needed workers so they started to take Africans and make them slaves. Black people were primitive and lesser beings in the eyes of Europeans, so they set them as slaves in America. In the end, Natives were almost wiped out (their influence still remains), and Europe took control. Early life in America had already started.

**THE CHESAPEAKE REGION:[[image:http://www.smithtrail.net/images/smithmaplarge.jpg width="560" height="431" align="left" caption="The map that John Smith used to go to the Chesapeake Bay."]]**
The Chesapeake Region was a bay founded by the London Company during their colonization expedition in the early 1600's. The people first settled in a colony named Jamestown. This was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas in 1607. The early settlements turned out to be disasters with colonies that were most if not all male. There was no women to tend to the houses and the important daily chores that kept life and shelter going. In 1609 the London Company had charter to more land. With the help of De La Warr new settlements and colonial settlements helped the colony grow and thrive. The economy of the colonies in the bay came from a newly found cash crop. This was tobacco. The colony then focused mostly on tobacco plantations. The tobacco fields needed lots of land. War with the indians was one of the biggest problems of expansion. They fought the Powhattan Indians, and many more Natives to gain the land. The major effect of this new plantation is the importation of slaves. With these new plantations, workers were necessary, and slaves were necessary for economic growth. This region later became the states of Virginia and Maryland.

Anne Hutchinson & The Puritans:
Hutchinson had a problem with the Puritan society in Massachusetts because she believed that most of the clergymen had no right to spiritual office. She meant that the clergy in Massachusetts did not recieve the proper training or experience, and weren't part of the "elect." She also criticized female behavior and life in Puritan society. Puritans had problems with Anne because they believe that she was preaching wrong and was accused of heresy. She also claimed to have spoke with the holy spirit. Puritans in Massachusetts believed that that time had of revelations has passed. She became convicted and banished from Boston and Puritan society. She had challenged many Puritan beliefs, and left to live in New York with her family. Male clergy in Puritan societies restricted even more rights of women in public congregations to avoid more heresy. Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams are one of the two first people to start challenging women's rights and religion in the colonies, and also around the world. They were questioning the beliefs, and laws of their societies.

Different Types of Colonies in America:

 * 1) Royal- These were colonies that the king himself set up, owned, and ran them.
 * 2) Propietary- These colonies were ruled by a governor who reports to the king. People were given grants of land and had to pledge allegiance to the king. To show that they gave an annual tax. They were loaned off by British government.
 * 3) Chartered- Companies that were awarded a charter or a contract from the king. This allowed them to set up colonies and run their own businesses of trade, but had to pledge allegiance to the king.
 * 4) Self-governing- Colonies that were run and governed by the people.

Chapter Questions For Unit 1:
__Howard Zinn and History:__ __Social Darwinism:__ __Chapter 1 Questions:__

Part two:



__Data Collection:__ __Chapter 2 Questios:__

Chapter 2 Glog:
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**__Chapter 3 Preview:__**

 * As America grew, so did their English culture. Everything they did began to resemble England. They modeled and did everything after them. (This is why it was called New England.) With English culture, they had English philosophy, thinking, and government.
 * Increase in immigration. From 1700-1780, non-Indian population grew more than ten times its state in 1700.
 * In 1670, plantation owners started to rely more on African slaves rather than indentured servants because it created instability.
 * In the eighteenth century the middle passage was created. (Route for slave import).
 * In 1734 a religious revival called the Great Awakening was to rebring the fate of people.


 * WHD: (pg. 72)**

=Birth and Death Rate Factors:=
 * Medicinal developements and availability.
 * availability of clean food and drinking water. (nutrition)
 * plagues and epidemics of natives and colonists.
 * Religious practices, and sacrifices.
 * technological development.
 * forced labor.
 * wars
 * conditions in the environment.
 * African slave trade. (indentured servants)
 * life expectancy
 * culture
 * lack of knowledge towardes bacteria and diseases.
 * use of birth control.
 * poverty and social structures
 * urbanization
 * Government Policies
 * population control (one child policy)
 * leads to abhortion (health care laws)
 * financial incentives to have more children (affects birth rates)
 * communist countries have food control (people die of starvation)
 * Sin Taxes on alcohol and cigarettes
 * uses of natural resources
 * Gender Balance
 * helps grow a society

Social Mobility:
What is it? How did it apply in colonial times? Today?

Social Mobility is the movement of people up and down the social pyramid. In England, there were many people, but little land. The people with land had power over others with no land. The colonies however, had a lot of land, but little people. This created many oppurtunities for people, which allowed them to get land, power, wealth, and "mobility" up the social pyramid. The US today still remains a place with many oppurtunities.


 * Colonial Life: PowerPoint**

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 * Chapter 3 Questions Part 1:**

Pirate Pad C3 Qs 3-6

__Map (pg. 111) North America in 1763__
 * French and Indian War:**
 * This map displays North America after the French and Indian War, the Treaty of Paris, and the Proclamation of 1763.
 * This map completely redrew North American territory.
 * Spain's claim of the western part of North America remained the same except England gained control of Florida.
 * Spain had Louisiana, Mexico, and the rest of the Americas down south.
 * England also gained all the land that the French occupied.
 * France just had some small islands in the Carribean left. (Haiti
 * They gained a vast part of Canada and a great amount of Land East of the Missippi River.
 * The proclamation of 1763 limited the colonists to small part of their claimed land.
 * It was reserved for Natives, but it was pretty much unexplored.
 * The Russians had some claim in the high west of North America.
 * The rest of the land was never discovered.

__Summary:__ The French and Indian War was a major battle between the French, the Iroquois, and the English. France occupied more land after Louis XIV's expansion. France gets land from Green Bay Lake Michigan to Arkansas and Mississippi River, and Louisiana. Conflict between the British and the French grows because of the disputed land in the Ohio valley. British colonists were expanding into the region. France has already claimed the land there even though the Iroquois league of Indians were still residing in that region. Conflict turned to war in North America and the Seven Year's war in Europe. It was a fight between who will be the biggest naval and military force in the world. In North America, many Indian tribes team up with the French because of their tolerance to the Natives. The Iroquois league was the only Indian group against the French. They were on the British side, but played a passive role in the war. It was the bloodiest war in the eighteenth century. More people died in this war than in the American Revolution. The first battle of the F& I war took place in Fort Duquense. George Washington and his small army built a crude fort next to France's big one. The British fort was called Fort Necessity.Washington's army was obliterated and were forced to surrender. Early on in the war France was winning. Then, William Pitt became in charge. William Pitt started to bring everything under control. He used "impressment" to get more soldiers and set up Generals and Battle tactics.Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe captured Louisbourg on July 1758. War continues and England gains the upper lead. On September 13, 1759 Quebec falls to British hands. Peace of Paris is signed in 1763. In that treaty France seceded all of the North American land to Britain and Spain. They gained an Island in the Caribbean (Haiti). They also secede their colonies in India to the British. In the end, Britain succeeds and gains lands East of the Mississippi river.
 * Chapter 1 + 2 practice MC Questions:**


 * Chapter 4 Questions:**


 * Where Historians Disagree (pg. 130-131):**

Declaration of Independance:
media type="custom" key="7032879" The most commonly used words in this wordle are: people, government, and law. The Declaration of Independence focuses on these three words and topics. The Declaration of Independence is related to government 100%. The __people__ of the United States are trying to separate from England. They are trying to create their own government. The relation of people and government are always present. The people of the United States are seperating from the British government. The people of the United States are creating their own government. The people of the United States understand the Social Contract from John Locke. They know that it is time to overthrow British government and to start a new one. The British government has corrupt laws, and therefore they are trying to make their own. All of these words are related in the Declaration of Independence because it talks about how the colonists should be free from British rule. Law, Government, and People all tie to this.

Assumptions of Republicanism-p.149:

 * active citizens, engaged in political process.
 * Bacially they were talking about democracy. This democracy was based on idependant workers.
 * too many dependant workers and little high class, gave a failed republican government.
 * The basic landowner was basic to American political ideology.
 * Wanted everyone to earn their success.
 * Power didn't come from birth.
 * meritocracy- fortunes based on efforts and tallents, not name/birthright
 * wanted everyone to have an independant labor force.
 * Everyone would be born with the same oppurtunity, but not in the same condition.
 * Emphasized equallity, and oppurtunity.

These assumptions and American ideology was what made the US stand out. The government wanted to be for the people, and by the people. They didn't want that idea of inherited power. Even though, their intent was to make the country a place of equality, it didn't work out. The people in the US weren't and aren't all independant workers. The majority of the population in the US consisted of Blacks, Women, and Native Americans. All these people were neglected in the process. Africans and slaves had no say or freedom in any aspect whatsoever. It looked like they weren't even regarded as human beings. Women were regarded as subordinate beings that all they can do is take care of the household. Native Americans were regarded as exiles and were basically a nuisance to the white society. All of these people weren't in the ideology of republicanism.

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 * Chapter 5 Questions: Part 1:**


 * Chapter 5 Questions Part 2:**

**Chapter 6 Questions:** **Demographics:** The characteristics of a certain population or a group of people.